Leah Walker | American Addiction Centers

[content-overview]Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant and a Schedule II drug that’s widely used in the U.S. and elsewhere.1 In fact, according to the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, more than 4.8 million people aged 12 and older used cocaine in the past year, with 996,000 of those people using crack, a form of cocaine.2[/content-overview]

Cocaine is typically used in two forms—powdered (aka cocaine hydrochloride), which is often snorted, and solid or “rock” form (aka crack and freebase), which is typically smoked.3 Regardless of its form, cocaine has both short-term effects and consequences of long-term use, as it can impact a person’s health and lead to overdose, tolerance, dependence, and addiction.1

This page provides a deep dive into the various short-term effects and potential long-term health risks of cocaine use. Plus, it offers treatment options if you or a loved one is struggling with cocaine use.
<h2>Short-Term Effects of Cocaine </h2>
So how does <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cocaine </a>produce its high and why is it so addictive? Dopamine is related to the control of movement and reward, and cocaine increases the activity of dopamine in the brain. It also enhances the activity of norepinephrine, which serves multiple brain functions, including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory, and stress response.4

As a result, even relatively small doses lead to feelings of euphoria, mental alertness, and increased energy, along with hypersensitivity to touch, sound, and sight.1 Cocaine’s impact on dopamine can also reinforce drug-taking behavior.1,4

After a single dose, cocaine effects occur almost immediately and disappear quickly, anywhere from a few minutes to an hour depending on the dose and the way it was taken.1 Cocaine constricts the blood vessels, dilates the pupils, and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. In addition to the high (i.e., euphoria) commonly associated with cocaine, it also makes a person more energetic and alert.1,4

Additional short-term effects of cocaine can include:1,4
<ul>
 	<li>Restlessness/irritability.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety/paranoia.</li>
 	<li>Tremors/muscle twitches.</li>
 	<li>Vertigo.</li>
</ul>
Other potential short-term effects include panic attacks, psychosis, heart-rhythm disturbances, and violent, erratic, and bizarre behavior. Some of the aforementioned effects are more likely to occur as a result of sensitization or at higher doses, as a person tries to intensify their high. However, certain cardiovascular effects can also occur with somewhat isolated use. That is, any amount of cocaine taken at any time has the potential to cause sudden death via a stroke, heart attack, seizure, etc.1
<h2> Cocaine Effects Related to the Cardiovascular System</h2>
Cocaine use can also impact the cardiovascular system, leading to both chronic and acute conditions.5 Through a variety of mechanisms, cocaine use can increase the risk of conditions such as:5,6
<ul>
 	<li>Acute hypertension and coronary spasm.</li>
 	<li>Arrhythmia.</li>
 	<li>Aortic dissection.</li>
 	<li>Endocarditis.</li>
 	<li>Heart attack.</li>
 	<li>Cardiomyopathy.</li>
 	<li>Atherosclerosis.</li>
 	<li>Coronary artery disease.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Effects and Risks of Long-Term Cocaine Use</h2>
When a person continues to use cocaine over time, the brain eventually adapts to the presence of the drug. Ultimately, tolerance can develop, which means the person needs higher and more frequent doses to achieve the same effects.1 Furthermore, cocaine has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence as well as significant withdrawal symptoms (e.g., depression, fatigue, slowed thinking, increased appetite, unpleasant dreams, and insomnia).4,5

Additionally, long-term cocaine use can increase the risk of the following conditions, among others:1,7,8
<ul>
 	<li>Appetite and nutrition changes, malnutrition.</li>
 	<li>Gastrointestinal issues (e.g., ulcers and tears caused by reduced blood flow).</li>
 	<li>Liver and kidney damage.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Cocaine Use During Pregnancy</h2>
Cocaine use can also lead to the following conditions in pregnant women:1
<ul>
 	<li>Migraines.</li>
 	<li>Premature membrane rupture.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
 	<li>Separation of the placental lining of the uterus prior to delivery.</li>
 	<li>High blood pressure.</li>
 	<li>Preterm labor.</li>
 	<li>Difficult delivery.</li>
 	<li>Hypertensive crises.</li>
 	<li>Spontaneous miscarriage.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

[callout-borders]
<h2>Route of Exposure and Associated Health Risks</h2>
<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/smoking-snorting-injecting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The way in which a person uses cocaine</a> is also associated with short- and long-term health risks.
<ul>
 	<li>Snorting. Among people who snort cocaine, more than half have some type of complication such as intranasal crusting, chronic sinusitis, and/or recurrent nosebleeds.9 Other snorting-related conditions include loss of smell and problems swallowing.4 Snorting cocaine can also result in lung injury and barotrauma, which is physical damage to body tissues caused by a pressure-related change in body compartment gas volume (such as the pressure inside the lung vs. the surrounding fluid). There are several cases where snorting cocaine has led to pneumothorax (i.e., a collapsed lung), emphysema, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332083/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pneumomediastinum</a> (which is air in the chest between the lungs and around the heart).10</li>
 	<li>Oral Ingestion. Using cocaine orally can lead to mouth sores. And while not necessarily tied to oral ingestion, dental treatment may be complicated by the use of cocaine. After recent cocaine use, cocaine can interact with dental anesthesia and can result in increased blood pressure.9</li>
 	<li>Smoking. Smoking crack cocaine may worsen asthma and lead to chronic cough, respiratory distress, and an increased risk of pneumonia and other infections.4 Additionally, it can lead to an acute pulmonary complication known as crack lung, which includes symptoms such as fever, cough, difficult or labored breathing, or hemoptysis (i.e., coughing up blood from the lower respiratory tract), which may progress to respiratory failure.11 Smoking crack can also lead to thermal airway injuries, as well as lung injury, pulmonary edema, and barotrauma (i.e., injury caused by changes in air or water pressure) caused by spasmodic or violent coughing after smoke inhalation.12,13</li>
 	<li>Injecting. Intravenous cocaine use is related to a host of complications that include skin or soft-tissue infections, scarring or collapsed veins, and a higher risk of blood-borne infections such as HIV and hepatitis.4[/callout-borders]</li>
</ul>
<h2>Treatment for Cocaine Misuse and Addiction</h2>
Cocaine’s effects can be serious—not to mention scary. However, if you or someone you love is struggling with cocaine addiction, you’re not alone. Plus, treatment, which comprises a variety of formats and therapies to fit your unique needs, is available.

Depending on several individual variables and the severity of the stimulant use disorder, treatment can include one or more levels of care. But often, people begin treatment for cocaine addiction with <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">detox and withdrawal management</a>.14

However, completing detox is just the first step in the road to recovery. After detox, it’s important to seek ongoing <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inpatient</a> and/or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">outpatient</a> treatment, both of which offer behavioral interventions to help conquer addiction.15 <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> provides a host of treatment programs, including everything from intensive outpatient programs and inpatient medical detox to one-on-one counseling and aftercare programs.

If you or your loved one is struggling with cocaine misuse or addiction, contact our [tooltip text="Admissions navigators are real people, some of whom are in recovery themselves, who are eager to talk with you 24 /7 and to help you or your loved one find treatment. They listen to and truly hear your story. Then they help guide you through the admissions process, including exploring insurance options and payment plans, and answering any questions you have about treatment."]admissions navigators[/tooltip] [phone] who can not only help you identify a facility that best fits your needs but also answer any questions you have about treatment.
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[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/1141/cocaine-research-report.pdf?v=3f3fb3f0903dfa8879388c2a5d086cb9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine research report</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf">Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health</a>. (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.</li>
 	<li>Roque Bravo, R., Faria, A. C., Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Carmo, H., Mladěnka, P., Dias da Silva, D., Remião, F., &amp; On Behalf Of The Oemonom Researchers (2022). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9032145/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern</a>. Toxins, 14(4), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040278</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/929/cocaine-drugfacts.pdf?v=c0ae284443bef07918e23e561e82abfd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Kim, S. T., &amp; Park, T. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6387265/pdf/ijms-20-00584.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acute and chronic effects of cocaine on cardiovascular health</a>. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(3), 584.</li>
 	<li>Schwartz, B. G., Rezkalla, S., &amp; Kloner, R. A. (2010). <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cardiovascular effects of cocaine</a>. Circulation, 122(24), 2558–2569.</li>
 	<li>Van der Woude, F.J. (2000, March). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/15/3/299/1805246?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine use and kidney damage</a>, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 15(3), 299–301.</li>
 	<li>National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2012). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LiverTox: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury</a></li>
 	<li>Brand, H., Gonggrijp, S. &amp; Blanksma, C. (2008). <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2008.244" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine and oral health</a>. British Dental Journal, 204, 365–369.</li>
 	<li>Kloss, B. T., Broton, C. E., &amp; Rodriguez, E. (2010). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047855/pdf/12245_2010_Article_205.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pneumomediastinum from nasal insufflation of cocaine</a>. International journal of emergency medicine, 3(4), 435–437.</li>
 	<li>Dolapsakis, C., &amp; Katsandri, A. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6625241/pdf/LI-36-370.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crack lung: A case of acute pulmonary cocaine toxicity</a>. Lung India : official organ of Indian Chest Society, 36(4), 370–371.</li>
 	<li>Meisels I.S., Loke J. (1993<a href="https://www.ccjm.org/content/ccjom/60/4/325.full.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">). The Pulmonary Effects of Free-Base Cocaine: A Review</a>. Cleveland Clinic Journal Of Medicine, Jul 1993, 60 (4) 325-329.</li>
 	<li>Bontempo, L. J., Magidson, P. D., Hayes, B. D., &amp; Martinez, J. P. (2017). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517974/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acute Pulmonary Injury after Inhalation of Free-Base Cocaine: A Case Report</a>. Journal of acute medicine, 7(2), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.6705/j.jacme.2017.0702.007</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research based guide (Third Edition)</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol</a> (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2015.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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Short and Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Use and Addiction

Heroin Addiction Treatment & Rehab Centers Near Me

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/oxycontin-treatment">Oxycodone</a> is a prescription <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/opiates">opioid</a> painkiller often used to treat severe pain; however, it also has a high potential for misuse and addiction. People that take oxycodone consistently or misuse oxycodone are at high risk for withdrawal symptoms when they suddenly quit taking it or drastically reduce their use.1

This page will discuss what causes oxycodone withdrawal, the symptoms of withdrawal from oxycodone, the expected duration and severity of withdrawal, and options for oxycodone detox and rehabilitation.
<h2>Causes of Oxycodone Withdrawal</h2>
<img class="alignright wp-image-79234 size-medium" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/shutterstock_1103094848-3-300x200.jpg" alt="Man in detox experiencing withdrawal from oxycodone" width="300" height="200" />

Oftentimes, when people <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/oxycodone/signs-of-abuse">use oxycodone</a> over extended periods of time, they will build a physical dependence to the opioid. Dependence is a physiological adaptation of the body to a substance, wherein the body becomes so used to the drug being present in the system that when the individual cuts back on their use or quits, withdrawal symptoms emerge. With significant levels of physiological dependence, a person may continue to compulsively use oxycodone to avoid unwanted withdrawal symptoms.1

Withdrawal is associated with various physiological reactions in the body. Symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal can be mild, moderate, or severe but rarely life-threatening.1,2

Just because someone is physically dependent on oxycodone does not mean they are addicted, as people using oxycodone for legitimate medical reasons may experience withdrawal when they go off the medication.3
<h2>Oxycodone Withdrawal Symptoms</h2>
Though the intensity and type of <a href="/withdrawal-timelines-treatments">drug withdrawal</a> symptoms a person may experience during oxycodone withdrawal will vary from one person to another, the most common oxycodone symptoms include:2,4
<ul class="ul1">
 	<li class="li1">Cravings.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Anxiety.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Stomach cramps and/or diarrhea.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Muscle aches.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Sleep disturbances.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Fast heartbeat.</li>
 	<li class="li1">High blood pressure.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Nausea.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Vomiting.</li>
</ul>
Relapse occurs when an individual returns to oxycodone use after they  have gone through withdrawal. Cravings are one of the main driving factors in relapse.9 Therefore, controlling cravings during withdrawal is crucial to avoid relapse.9

Relapse can be  especially dangerous because the period of abstinence during the withdrawal phase will likely result in a loss of tolerance (only a little bit will have a huge effect on the body), putting someone at an increased risk of overdose.5
<h2>Oxycodone Withdrawal Timeline</h2>
The timeline for oxycodone withdrawal can be impacted by numerous factors, such as:2
<ul>
 	<li>The length of time someone has been using the drug.</li>
 	<li>The dosage of oxycodone they have been taking.</li>
 	<li>How frequently someone has been taking oxycodone.</li>
 	<li>If they have been using other substances alongside oxycodone (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines, methamphetamine).</li>
</ul>
Oxycodone is what is known as a long-acting opioid, which impacts the length of time an opioid stays in the body.6 Oxycodone will typically result in withdrawal symptoms beginning up to 36 hours after the last use, and peaking around day 3 to 4.7

In some cases, people may experience chronic oxycodone withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms differ in people and may not occur all the time. Some of these symptoms include:8
<ul>
 	<li class="li1">Depression.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Irritability.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Anxiety.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Issues with learning and memory.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Obsessive-compulsive behaviors.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Sleep problems.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Feeling apathetic.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Intense cravings for opioids.</li>
 	<li class="li1">Increased difficulty handling stress.</li>
</ul>
Detoxing from oxycodone in a medically managed treatment program, mitigates cravings and other withdrawal symptoms when they are most severe, allowing patients to address the underlying problems contributing to their opioid use disorder.2

American Addiction Centers’ (AAC) facilities located all over the country provide medical detox and may offer a variety of other types of addiction treatment, including inpatient treatment, outpatient care, sober living homes, aftercare planning, and more. These services are designed to help patients not only safely withdraw from dependence to drugs like oxycodone, but also build the necessary skills to achieve lasting recovery.

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<h2>Oxycodone Detox</h2>
Medical detox is a process by which a person goes through withdrawal under the supervision of medical professionals.2 Detox—while often crucial—is only the first stage of treatment to stop the use of oxycodone. People typically need continued care to address the psychological and social conditions that contribute to their opioid use disorder (OUD).2,10

In general, <a href="/drug-detox">drug detoxification</a> involves 3 phases:2
<ul>
 	<li>Evaluation, where a person undergoes a full assessment to determine their treatment needs, including the presence of other physical or mental disorders that may need monitoring or treatment.</li>
 	<li>Stabilization, which involves monitoring the patient’s symptoms, administering medication when necessary, and orienting a person to the idea of further treatment.</li>
 	<li>Fostering a person’s entry into treatment. This involves working with a patient to ensure that they understand the need for treatment beyond detox and facilitating entry in a rehab program.</li>
</ul>
Detox programs vary in length based on individual needs, but the average stay is about 7 days.2
<h2>Oxycodone Addiction Treatment</h2>
After detox, it is important to continue treatment to help address the underlying issues that led to oxycodone misuse, as well as give you the tools to deal with triggers and avoid relapse after treatment ends.2,10

Ongoing treatment for oxycodone addiction can involve <a href="/rehab-guide/inpatient">inpatient treatment</a>, where patients live at the facility for the duration of care, or it can occur on an <a href="/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">outpatient</a> basis where patients visit the facility for treatment several times a week. The frequency and length of time these visits last vary based on the patient’s needs.11

Treatment for oxycodone misuse typically will include various forms of behavioral therapy, including, but not limited to:12,13,14
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy">Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).</a> CBT can help people identify patterns of thinking that can lead to drug use and replace these patterns with positive coping strategies.</li>
 	<li>Contingency management, which uses rewards to incentivize meeting recovery goals.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/family-therapy">Family behavior therapy</a>, which engages the patient’s family in their recovery by helping them understand and apply the behavioral strategies learned in therapy sessions, and by setting and executing goals.</li>
</ul>
Treatment for opioid use disorder also often utilizes medication during detox, rehab, and on a long-term basis. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) work by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms without eliciting the euphoric high that drugs like oxycodone or heroin yield.15
<h3>Oxycodone Withdrawal Medications</h3>
<img class="alignright wp-image-78233 size-medium" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/shutterstock_731147215-1-300x188.jpg" alt="doctor going over medications prescribed for oxycodone withdrawal" width="300" height="188" />

Medications specifically approved for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) reduce withdrawal and cravings, helping patients focus on behavioral therapy and daily functioning. These medications include the opioid agonist methadone, and the partial opioid agonist buprenorphine.2,7,15

In addition to mitigating withdrawal and cravings, these drugs also blunt the effects of misused opioids, discouraging relapse.7 It is common for patients to remain on these medications for months or even years in recovery.15

Other medications often administered during withdrawal include sleep aids to lessen insomnia or acetaminophen to deal with body aches or headaches.2
<h2>Recovery from Oxycodone Addiction</h2>
There is plenty of evidence that treatment for substance use disorders is effective. However, many people can have a high likelihood of relapse after treatment. It is important to understand that relapse does not necessarily mean failure.17 Relapse may just mean that someone needs to reenter treatment or modify the treatment that they have been receiving.10,17

There are many factors that influence treatment outcomes, for example:
<ul>
 	<li>Staying in treatment for an adequate length of time is one of the most critical components of recovery: A short period of detox, on its own, is not particularly effective in helping someone stay in recovery for long periods of time.2,15,17</li>
 	<li>Some studies indicate the use of medication for opioid use disorder can improve treatment retention and subsequently improve treatment outcomes.18</li>
 	<li>Comprehensive treatment for people struggling with addiction and co-occurring disorders has proven to be generally more effective in helping patients recover from these conditions than treating them separately.10</li>
 	<li>Individualized treatment and continual assessment and modification of treatment approaches is critical for patients’ success in long-term recovery. Patients often go through multiple levels of care (e.g., inpatient treatment, outpatient rehab, <a href="/sober-living">sober living</a>) as their needs evolve.10</li>
</ul>
One study published in the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7547872/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal of Addiction Medicine</a> indicated that around 50% of participants in a trial using month-long acting buprenorphine were able to maintain recovery from opioid use for at least 12 months.19

Although recovery from oxycodone and other types of opioid addiction is challenging, there is hope, as many people successfully get sober and sustain recovery.13 Addiction of any kind is not cured, but rather it can be managed, enabling people to live normal and fulfilling lives without the use of substances.17

If you or someone you love has an oxycodone addiction, please call [phone] for more information about rehabilitation options at American Addiction Centers’ (AAC) facilities, using insurance to pay for rehab, and more.

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[sources]
<ol class="ol1">
 	<li class="li1">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021, June 1). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription opioids drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li2">Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment</a>. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.</li>
 	<li class="li3">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). (2013). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.</li>
 	<li class="li3">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021, October 27). <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is the U.S. opioid epidemic?</a></li>
 	<li class="li3">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma18-4742.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Opioid overdose prevention toolkit</a>. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 18 4742. </li>
 	<li class="li3">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.) <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/CommonlyUsedLAOpioids.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commonly used long-acting opioids chart.</a></li>
 	<li class="li3">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP21-02-01-002.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TIP 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.</a></li>
 	<li class="li3">Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.semel.ucla.edu/dual-diagnosis-program/News_and_Resources/PAWS">Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li3">Kakko, J., Alho, H., Baldacchino, A., Molina, R., Nava, F. A., &amp; Shaya, G. (2019). <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00592/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Craving in opioid use disorder: from neurobiology to clinical practice.</a> Frontiers in Psychiatry, 592.</li>
 	<li class="li3">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, September 18). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Principles of effective treatment</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li3">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, January 17). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment approaches for drug addiction: drugfacts.</a></li>
 	<li class="li4">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June 1). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cognitive-behavioral therapy (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine)</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li4">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June 1). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Contingency management interventions/motivational incentives (alcohol, stimulants, opioids, marijuana, nicotine)</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li3">National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June 1). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family behavior therapy</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li3">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.(2022, March 30). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Medication-assisted treatment.</a></li>
 	<li class="li4">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/linkage-to-care_edited-pdf_508-3-15-2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linking people with opioid use disorder to medication treatment: a technical package of policy, programs, and practices</a>.</li>
 	<li class="li5">National Institute on Drug Abuse, (2022, March 22). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/treatment-recovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment and recovery.</a></li>
 	<li class="li3">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. (2019 March 30). Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541393/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Effectiveness of Medication-Based Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder</a>. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.</li>
 	<li class="li4">Aldridge, A. P., Chilcoat, H., Heidbreder, C. Ling, W., Nadipelli, V. R., &amp; Ronquest, N. A. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7547872/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) after monthly long-acting buprenorphine treatment: 12-month longitudinal outcomes from RECOVER, an observational study</a>. Journal of addiction medicine. 14(5): e233.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Oxycodone Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline & Detox Treatment

[content-overview]

If you or a loved one needs addiction treatment, one of your most pressing concerns may be how to pay for rehab. While many people have insurance through a major carrier, such as Blue Cross or Aetna, you may be one of the many Americans covered by a small insurance company and wonder if addiction treatment will be covered under your plan.

[/content-overview]

Use our free, no obligation online form to see if your insurance provider may be in-network at one of our treatment centers. If you don't see your provider, it doesn't mean that rehab can't be covered or affordable. Call us at [phone] There we can help you verify your coverage over the phone or you may also fill in our online form below.
<h2>Can I Pay for Addiction Treatment with a Small Insurance Provider?</h2>
Regardless of the size of your insurance carrier, the general process for addiction treatment remains the same. Most forms of <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage">insurance coverage</a> will either pay for addiction treatment or a portion thereof. To learn more about your particular coverage, you can call the number on the back of your insurance card. An insurance company representative can then explain your coverage and benefits for drug addiction treatment.

Large insurance companies have a network of providers and facilities that are covered under their plans. A smaller insurance company may have a more limited network of providers. An out-of-state provider, for example, may not be covered under your insurance plan. Start by speaking with your insurance company to find out what facilities and providers are covered. As with any insurance company, just because you have coverage for drug addiction treatment does not mean that you will automatically be approved for such coverage. Your case will have to be reviewed and your coverage and benefits will be determined by your insurance company.

In addition, the types of addiction treatment covered will vary under different plans. Some plans may only cover <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">outpatient treatment</a>, while others might offer inpatient programs only after an unsuccessful attempt at completing outpatient treatment.
<h2>Deductibles, Premiums, and Out-of-Pocket Costs</h2>
Insurance coverage typically requires that you pay a certain amount of money, called a deductible, before insurance coverage kicks in. As an example, some plans have a $500, $1,000, or even a $5,000 deductible. Once your deductible is met, insurance typically covers 80% of the cost and you would be responsible for the remaining 20% as an out-of-pocket expense.

Please check with your insurance company because no two plans are the same, and even plans within an insurance company may vary.

[cta button="Does Your Insurance Cover Treatment?" link="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/verify-insurance"]AAC is in-network with many insurance companies and addiction treatment could be free depending on your policy.[/cta]
<h2>Small Insurance Providers</h2>
While some health insurance companies cover millions of people across the United States, many Americans receive their coverage through smaller companies, which may only cover a few thousand members.

[callout]
<h3>The Affordable Care Act</h3>
The <a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) is a federal statute that was enacted in 2010 to make health insurance available to more people. With this program, people who make a certain percentage below the federal poverty level can receive assistance in paying for their health insurance premiums. Under the ACA, each health insurance company offering benefits has to provide a certain minimum level of benefits, including substance abuse treatment. These core benefits are called <a href="https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Data-Resources/ehb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Essential Health Benefits</a> (EHB). Any plan offered through the ACA must cover some form of substance abuse treatment.
<h3>The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act</h3>
The <a href="https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Other-Insurance-Protections/mhpaea_factsheet" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act</a> (MHPAEA) requires insurance companies to provide the same level of service for substance use and mental health treatment as they do for major medical illnesses. The MHPAEA mandates that health insurance coverage includes some level of substance use treatment. Therefore, if you have major medical health coverage, some form of substance abuse treatment must be covered.
<h3>Medicare and Medicaid</h3>
Millions of Americans are covered by <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/using-medicaid-to-pay-for-rehab" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medicaid</a> and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/medicare" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medicare</a> and some people may have both forms of coverage. Medicare is generally available to adults over the age of 65. However, some younger people with certain types of disabilities may also receive Medicare.

Medicaid is a government program designed to provide health insurance to low-income earners. The rules and cut-offs for benefits vary by state. Both Medicaid and Medicare provide substance abuse treatment, as well as major medical coverage. While most treatment facilities accept Medicare, not all accept Medicaid.

[/callout]
<h2>Rehab Insurance Options for Individuals</h2>
<img class=" wp-image-65611 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/shutterstock_583065985.jpg" alt="Addiction treatment doctor taking notes about patient's substance abuse." width="391" height="220" />

Rehab, or addiction treatment, is meant to help those suffering from a substance use disorder(s). Some programs are inpatient, meaning that you would live at the facility while receiving treatment. Other programs are outpatient, where you attend treatment or therapy 2 to 3 times per week for a few hours per day. The level and intensity of services depend on your individual needs.

AAC offers rehab at several <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers">facilities across the United States</a>. AAC has inpatient and outpatient treatment available to meet your needs. Regardless of your insurance carrier, the rehab center of your choice can work with your insurance company to determine your coverage and benefits.

Generally, there are very few differences between small and large insurance companies, except that the in-network of providers might vary. Your insurance company can work with you to determine the best rehab treatment for your situation.
<h2>Coverage for Addiction Recovery Programs</h2>
Most insurance plans provide a specific level of coverage for addiction treatment. Most plans cover outpatient treatment, as well as inpatient treatment for certain situations. A typical challenge you might face when seeking coverage is getting the level of treatment you desire to be covered by your insurance company, whether small or large.

Often, a doctor or substance abuse healthcare professional will need to present your case to your insurance provider to get approval for you to get additional days of treatment, or to get inpatient treatment for some forms of addiction. Your insurance company and treatment provider can work together to develop the best treatment approach for your individual case.

[callout]
<h3>Learn More About American Addiction Centers</h3>
American Addiction Centers (AAC) is the leading provider for substance abuse treatment nationwide.  We aim to treat the whole person, which means addressing co-occurring mental illness, physical wellness, and social issues in addition to focusing on addiction treatment.

At AAC treatment programs are tailored to individual. Each treatment facility has unique amenities that aid in recovery. In addition, we also have programs and plans that are specific to <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/veterans/rehab-resources">veterans</a>,  <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/couples">couples</a>, and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/lgbtqiapk-addiction">LBGTQ</a>.

Want to learn more about AAC? Here are some helpful resources:
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/90-day-promise">90-day promise</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-services">AAC's approach to care</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/admissions">Admissions process </a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage">Insurance Coverage </a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/payment-options">Payment options</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/why-aac/top-10-reasons-to-come-to-aac">Top 10 reason to choose AAC</a></li>
</ul>
[/callout]

Regardless of your insurance carrier, some form of addiction rehab should be included in the benefits offered through the insurance company. Your specific level of coverage for your situation can be determined by the insurance company and your treatment provider of choice to give you the best treatment for your addiction.

Using Small Insurance Providers to Pay for Drug Treatment

United Healthcare Insurance Coverage for Rehab Treatment

[content-overview]

Xanax (a brand name for alprazolam) is a benzodiazepine and central nervous system (CNS) depressant that may be prescribed for the treatment of generalized anxiety and panic disorders.1 

[/content-overview]

While alprazolam (al-PRA-zuh-lam) can be helpful when used as directed, it can also be misused, which further increases the likelihood of a host of adverse effects, including addiction, overdose, and on rare occasions death.1 In fact, according to the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 4.7 million people aged 12 or older misused prescription benzodiazepines, and 3.4 million of those people misused alprazolam in the past year.2

If you or someone you know uses Xanax, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the short- and long-term effects of alprazolam, the dangers of overdose and drug mixing, and various treatment options.
<h2>What is Xanax?</h2>
In the U.S., <a href="/xanax-treatment">Xanax</a> is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic (i.e., a medication that affects a person’s mental state). Aside from its FDA-approved treatment uses, alprazolam is misused recreationally, as it can decrease inhibitions, reduce anxiety, and create feelings of euphoria.3

Misuse of benzodiazepines typically involves a larger than recommended dose and the use of other medications, illicit substances, and/or alcohol.1 For example, Xanax is sometimes used in combination with <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/methadone-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methadone</a> to increase the latter’s euphoric effects. (Similarly, benzodiazepines may be used to relieve adverse effects of cocaine binges and to augment the effects of alcohol.4
<h2>Xanax Effects</h2>
When taken orally, Xanax is rapidly absorbed. Thus, effects can be experienced within 30 minutes and can last up to roughly 6 hours.3 The most common adverse effects of alprazolam include impaired coordination, low blood pressure, difficulty speaking, and increased libido.5

Additional adverse effects of Xanax include:1,3
<ul>
 	<li>Decreased mental alertness.</li>
 	<li>Confusion.</li>
 	<li>Trouble concentrating.</li>
 	<li>Memory impairment.</li>
 	<li>Drowsiness, fatigue.</li>
 	<li>Light-headedness.</li>
 	<li>Dizziness.</li>
 	<li>Muscle weakness.</li>
 	<li>Poor balance/coordination.</li>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Blurred vision.</li>
 	<li>Nausea, vomiting, upset stomach.</li>
 	<li>Worsening depression.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Long-Term Effects of Xanax Use</h2>
Those who regularly take Xanax, even when under a healthcare provider’s supervision, run the risk of developing physical dependence.1 Along these same lines, alprazolam use can lead to tolerance, meaning a higher dose is needed to produce the same effect.5

[callout-borders borders="sides"] Many of those addicted to a prescription CNS depressant such as alprazolam are at risk of experiencing withdrawal symptoms when the drug is abruptly stopped, which can occur as early as a few hours after the last dose was taken.6 [/callout-borders]

Xanax withdrawal symptoms can include:6
<ul>
 	<li>Increased heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and sweating.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Insomnia.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li>Severe cravings.</li>
 	<li>Overactive reflexes.</li>
 	<li>Agitation.</li>
 	<li>Shakiness.</li>
 	<li>Seizures.</li>
</ul>
Rapid dose reduction or abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam can lead to unpleasant acute withdrawal symptoms and, more rarely, potentially life-threatening withdrawal complications such as seizures.3

Severe acute Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening and can include:5
<ul>
 	<li>Mania.</li>
 	<li>Psychosis.</li>
 	<li>Catatonia.</li>
 	<li>Depression with suicidal ideation.</li>
 	<li>Hallucinations.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/delirium-tremens-symptoms-and-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Delirium tremens</a>.</li>
 	<li>Seizures and convulsions.</li>
</ul>
[callout]
<h3>What Does Xanax Do to the Brain?</h3>
Xanax and other benzodiazepines increase the activity of a neurotransmitter in the brain, known as gamma-aminobutyric acid (aka GABA), at the GABA receptor. With its inhibitory properties, GABA can depress the central nervous system (CNS).4 In effect, this action causes drowsiness and calming effects, making CNS depressants useful for anxiety and sleep disorders.6

Furthermore, similar to most addictive drugs, alprazolam use is associated with increased dopamine activity in areas of the brain involved with motivation and reward, which is thought to underlie the reinforcing properties of the drug.7

[/callout]
<h2>Xanax Overdose</h2>
When used as directed, alprazolam is generally considered safe. However, misuse increases the risk of adverse effects, including overdose. Though many cases of overdose toxicity involve the concurrent use of other substances, benzodiazepine overdose is a risk with high dose misuse.8

Overdose symptoms for benzodiazepines include:8
<ul>
 	<li>Altered mental status.</li>
 	<li>Slurred speech.</li>
 	<li>Poor muscle control (i.e., ataxia).</li>
</ul>
Mixing benzos with certain other drugs or medications can increase the risk for more significant respiratory depression, which can lead to dangerously slowed breathing, respiratory arrest, and death. Many benzo-related overdoses involve other substances, including opioids, alcohol, or other sedative drugs.8

Signs of overdose related to mixing benzodiazepines with opioids, alcohol, or other depressants include:9
<ul>
 	<li>Slow breathing.</li>
 	<li>Weak pulse.</li>
 	<li>Altered mental status/confusion.</li>
 	<li>Passing out.</li>
</ul>
Counterfeit pills typically look like prescription medications such as Xanax, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/valium-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Valium</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall</a>, etc. According to the <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/DEA-OPCK_FactSheet_December%202021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration</a>, these fake pills often contain <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methamphetamine</a> or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fentanyl</a>, which can be deadly. In fact, testing showed that 2 out of every 5 counterfeit pills with fentanyl contain a potentially lethal dose.10

[callout position="right"]

If you think someone is having an overdose from Xanax or any other drug:11
<ul>
 	<li>Call 911 immediately.</li>
 	<li>Administer <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications/naloxone" target="_blank" rel="noopener">naloxone</a> if available. (Naloxone will reverse the effects of opioids and won’t harm those who haven’t taken opioids.)</li>
 	<li>Try to keep the person awake.</li>
 	<li>Turn the person on their side to prevent choking.</li>
 	<li>Stay with the person until help arrives.</li>
</ul>
[/callout]
<h2>What Can Happen When You Mix Xanax with Other Drugs?</h2>
Mixing Xanax with other drugs, especially alcohol or opioids, significantly increases the risk of overdose and may cause respiratory depression, a type of suppressed breathing that can lead to coma and death.9

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), data gathered from January to June 2020 indicates that more than 92% of all fatal benzodiazepine overdoses involved an opioid (e.g., <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/oxycodone/signs-of-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OxyContin</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/codeine-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">codeine</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fentanyl</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/percocet-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Percocet</a>, etc.).12

Combining benzodiazepines such as alprazolam with other respiratory depressant substances (e.g., other benzos and/or opioids such as morphine, heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, etc.), can indirectly or directly increase the risk of:9
<ul>
 	<li>Overdose toxicity.</li>
 	<li>Damage to the brain or other organs (as a result of respiratory arrest).</li>
 	<li>Death.</li>
</ul>
Additionally, mixing alprazolam with stimulants (e.g., <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/ecstasy-abuse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ecstasy</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/signs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cocaine</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">methamphetamines</a>, etc.) can mask or modify the effects of one or both substances. This may deceive you into believing the drugs aren’t affecting you, potentially leading to overdose.9

Also keep in mind that the dangers of drug mixing apply to prescription drugs. So always inform your healthcare provider of the prescriptions you’re taking and substances you’re using, and never take medications prescribed for someone else.9
<h2>Xanax Addiction and Treatment</h2>
Withdrawal from any type of benzodiazepine is potentially dangerous, and serious complications, such as seizures and delirium, can occur without warning. As such, management of benzodiazepine withdrawal without medical supervision is not recommended.13

Plus, to minimize the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms, the <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)</a> indicates that medical withdrawal management may involve first substituting another relatively long-acting benzo (e.g., chlordiazepoxide or clonazepam) before gradually reducing its dosage.13

When necessary, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox">detox</a> is an early treatment component comprising interventions that manage acute intoxication and withdrawal. Available via inpatient and outpatient settings, detox can not only help prevent potentially life-threatening complications of benzodiazepine withdrawal but also provide palliative care to reduce symptom intensity.13

Due to the risk of experiencing dangerous, sometimes potentially fatal withdrawal symptoms, medically equipped inpatient detox or hospitalization may be helpful for people who have chronically used high doses of benzodiazepines and other sedatives. For those with less severe use of benzodiazepines, who are not dependent on other substances, and who have supportive friends or family to help them through the process, outpatient detox can be an option.13

Detox alone, however, may not fully address the underlying issues associated with chronic substance misuse or addiction. Thus, following detox, people may benefit from transitioning to inpatient rehab or outpatient treatment to focus on these underlying issues.6

To be most effective, treatment plans should be tailored to your individual needs. However, most programs offer interventions that can include:14,15
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">Inpatient treatment</a>. Provided within a hospital or residential setting, inpatient rehab comprises 24/7 care. Depending on your treatment needs, this care can be offered short term or long term for up to 12 months or more.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">Outpatient treatment</a>. Varying widely in intensity and based on your needs, outpatient programs allow you to live at home or in a sober living environment during treatment. Some involve multiple hours of treatment each day, most days of the week; others may require a couple of hours a day a few days each week.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment">Behavioral therapy</a>. Behavioral therapies, such as motivational interviewing or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy">cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)</a>, occur in individual or group settings. These interventions address the underlying issues of substance misuse, teach you coping skills to help prevent relapse, and provide psychoeducation about addiction and substance use.</li>
 	<li>Also known as continuing care, aftercare starts after formal treatment ends and aids in long-term recovery. Programs may include participation in a 12-step or other mutual-help group, ongoing counseling, or assistance in securing sober living.</li>
</ul>
Offering the ability to treat alprazolam addiction, polysubstance addiction, and other co-occurring mental health disorders, American Addiction Centers (AAC) include accredited treatment facilities across the United States. To learn more about treatment options, contact our Admissions Navigators.
[button url="/treatment-centers" text="View Our Treatment Centers"]
[phone]Call Us Today![/phone]
[sources]

Sources
<ol>
 	<li>United States Food and Drug Administration. (2021). <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/018276s058lbl.pdf#page=27" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Xanax (alprazolam) tablets.</a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2019 and Quarters 1 and 4, 2020. <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35323/NSDUHDetailedTabs2020v25/NSDUHDetailedTabs2020v25/NSDUHDetTabsSect1pe2020.htm#:~:text=210616-,Table%201.113A,-%E2%80%93%20Any%20Use%20and" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Table 1.113A</a></li>
 	<li>George, T. T., &amp; Tripp, J. (2021).<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538165/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Alprazolam</a>. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.</li>
 	<li>United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2019).</li>
 	<li><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=388e249d-b9b6-44c3-9f8f-880eced0239f" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DailyMed - Xanax- Alprazolam Tablet</a>. (2021 September 29). U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health.</li>
 	<li>NIDA CNS – National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, March). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-cns-depressants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prescription CNS depressants drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Ait-Daoud, N., Hamby, A. S., Sharma, S., &amp; Blevins, D. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846112/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A review of alprazolam use, misuse, and withdrawal</a>. Journal of addiction medicine, 12(1), 4.</li>
 	<li>Kang, M., Galuska, M. A., &amp; Ghassemzadeh, S. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482238/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Benzodiazepine toxicity</a>.</li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 23). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/polysubstance-use/index.html">Polysubstance use facts.</a></li>
 	<li>S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (2021, December). <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/DEA-OPCK_FactSheet_December%202021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Counterfeit Pills Fact Sheet.</a></li>
 	<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, September 7). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lifesaving naloxone</a>.</li>
 	<li>Liu, S., O’Donnell, J., Gladden, R.M., McGlone, L., Chowdhury, F. (2021). <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7034a2.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trends in nonfatal and fatal overdoses involving benzodiazepines — 38 states and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020.</a> MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70, 1136–1141.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol</a> (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4131. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2006.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019, October). <a href="https://findtreatment.gov/content/treatment-options/types-of-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment options: Types of treatment</a>.</li>
 	<li>Soyka, M. (2017). <a href="https://baycrest.echoontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Treatment-of-Benzodiazepine-Dependence.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence</a>. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(12), 1147-1157.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders/dual-diagnosis-rehab">Dual Diagnosis Rehab Centers</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/state-funded">State Funded Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline">Drug Abuse Hotlines</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/free">Free Rehab Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage">Does Insurance Cover Rehab Costs?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/residential">Long Term Rehab Centers</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/30-day-rehab-program">30 Day Rehab Centers</a></li>
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[/link-bank]

Xanax Abuse: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Xanax

<h2>Signs and Symptoms of an Alcohol Use Disorder</h2>
Recognizing the signs that suggest an employee or coworker is struggling with alcohol misuse is imperative when deciding how to help them.

Someone who experiences or exhibits at least 2 of the following signs and symptoms within a 12-month period may meet the diagnostic criteria for an alcohol use disorder (AUD):3
[columns]
<ul>
 	<li>Using more alcohol than originally intended.</li>
 	<li>Making unsuccessful attempts to cut back or stop drinking.</li>
 	<li>Spending a significant amount of time and resources locating, using, and recovering from alcohol use.</li>
 	<li>Neglecting responsibilities at work or in the home as a result of alcohol use.</li>
 	<li>Having increased interpersonal conflict due to the use of alcohol.</li>
 	<li>Using alcohol in risky situations, such as while driving or operating heavy machinery.</li>
 	<li>Giving up things someone used to enjoy, such as sports or hobbies, in favor of using alcohol.</li>
 	<li>Consuming alcohol even though someone knows it makes a medical condition worse, such as having liver disease and still drinking. Or, using alcohol despite knowing it makes a mental health condition, such as depression, worse.</li>
 	<li>Developing increased tolerance to alcohol, in which a person needs to continue drinking more to get the same effects as they once did from alcohol.</li>
 	<li>Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when someone stops drinking.</li>
</ul>
[/columns]

In 2019, roughly 1 in 4 adult Americans reported binge drinking within the past month, while an estimated 1 in 16 reported heavy alcohol use, which the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) describes as <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/binge-drinking-problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">binge drinking</a> on 5 or more days in the past month.4
<h3>Signs of Alcoholism in the Workplace</h3>
A handbook for supervisors published by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management points to several signs—such as lots of Friday and Monday absences, frequent tardiness, and a need to tend to various “emergencies” that arise—as potential indicators of problematic alcohol use. While not always specific to alcohol-related situations, other declines in performance that could in some cases be part of a larger issue of problematic drinking include:2
<ul>
 	<li>Frequently missed deadlines.</li>
 	<li>Numerous careless mistakes.</li>
 	<li>Incomplete assignments.</li>
</ul>
Employees who struggle with drinking problems may be more likely to experience strained relationships with coworkers or isolate themselves from others completely. However, additional signs of employee struggling with alcohol may be more immediately obvious, such as:2
<ul>
 	<li>Smelling of alcohol.</li>
 	<li>Unsteady gait.</li>
 	<li>Bloodshot eyes.</li>
 	<li>Body shakes.</li>
 	<li>Falling asleep on the job.</li>
 	<li>Changes in mood and behavior.</li>
</ul>
It is important to note that many of these symptoms and signs can be indicative of other physical or mental health issues and that the diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and the handling of workplace alcohol issues should be made by treatment professionals and handled by appropriate workplace assistance protocols, respectively.2
<h2>How to Approach a Coworker with a Suspected Alcohol Problem</h2>
If you've spotted <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/stages" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">signs of alcoholism</a> or <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/avoid-alcohol-relapse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alcohol relapse</a> in a coworker, approaching this person can be scary. <img class=" wp-image-75258 alignright" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rsz_shutterstock_1410207011-300x200.jpg" alt="talk to coworker" width="423" height="282" />You may be afraid that you will offend this person if you are wrong in your assumption that they are drinking too much or drinking in an unhealthy way. Ideally, although you may not want to involve others in this situation, it is best to speak to your supervisor or a human resources representative about your concerns before going to your coworker on your own.

If this person does have an alcohol misuse problem, this is a larger issue than you alone can handle, and your employer must remain aware of your concerns.

Typically, a manager or HR representative can meet with the employee, point out the concerning behaviors, and help the person seek treatment if they desire it. When an employer suspects that an employee has an alcohol misuse issue, they should:2
<ul>
 	<li>Keep clear documentation of their concerns with specific examples.</li>
 	<li>Meet with the employee privately and away from coworkers.</li>
 	<li>Point out patterns of poor performance or tardiness.</li>
 	<li>Possess a questioning, rather than accusatory, tone.</li>
 	<li>Give the employee a chance to talk about what is going on. The employee might admit to having a problem with alcohol or reveal an alternative medical or mental condition that is causing these behaviors.</li>
 	<li>Assist the employee in getting help, usually starting with referring them to the company's employee assistance program (EAP).</li>
 	<li>If the employee denies issues, or refuses to acknowledge a problem, the human resources rep or supervisor can then focus on performance issues and work to have the employee improve attendance or performance and follow through with progressive discipline if the issues don’t improve.</li>
</ul>
Of course, if someone’s behavior is disruptive, they may need to be removed from the workplace for their safety and the safety of others. Furthermore, if an employee is visibly intoxicated, an employer, a manager, or an HR representative should address the situation immediately.2
<h2>Best Ways to Support a Coworker Struggling with an AUD</h2>
If your coworker struggles with an alcohol use disorder, the most important thing you must remember is to not ignore a potential issue with alcohol in the workplace. If you suspect your coworker is misusing alcohol, listen if they want to talk about their issue. If they ask for help, take them to your designated human resources representative. If you suspect a problem and see evidence that makes you concerned, talk to your supervisor or HR representative.

Do not aid them by clocking in for them if they are late or covering for them if they leave early. Do not loan them money or make excuses for them. Doing so enables them to continue these behaviors.2
<h2>Laws About Alcohol in the Workplace</h2>
There are laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which may influence the workplace handling of alcohol addiction and other debilitating substance use disorders. In some cases, alcoholism may constitute a disability, and people with alcohol use disorders may be afforded certain protections under various state and federal provisions.

[quote]
An employer must make certain (reasonable) accommodations for a person with a disability, though the definition of “reasonable” can vary widely. For example, under the ADA, an employer may be required to allow an employee time off to go to appointments related to alcohol treatment.5,6
[/quote]

Of course, other laws and <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/legal-consequences" target="_blank" rel="noopener">legal consequences</a> may vary from one state to another. Many regulations also depend on the particular workplace policies currently in effect (such as policies that indicate the place of employment is an alcohol-free workplace and that employees can be tested at will for alcohol).2
<h2>Can You be Fired for Being an Alcoholic Employee?</h2>
Employers have the right to require that employees meet certain expectations regarding performance and conduct in the workplace. If your employer has a policy that indicates showing up intoxicated for work is an offense that one can be fired for, then the employer can terminate the employee.

However, if someone has a diagnosed alcohol use disorder, doesn't drink at work, and is qualified to perform the essential functions of their job, certain protections may exist for them under the ADA. For example, the employee may request and receive scheduling accommodations to facility counseling appointments without fear of losing their job.5

If a person is taking time off from work to get treatment for an AUD, they may be protected under the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA). If the employer meets certain criteria according to the standards, such as company size, then generally 12 weeks of medically approved leave are allowed to seek treatment.7

Laws vary from state to state, and a legal professional may be best able to adequately answer this question for your particular situation.
<h2>Alcohol in the Workplace Statistics</h2>
Past SAMHSA studies have estimated as many as 9% of full-time U.S. workers engage in heavy drinking within a month of surveying.  Additional statistics include: 8,9,10,11,12
<ul>
 	<li>Absenteeism among people who abuse substances is roughly 4 to 8 times higher than for nonabusing employees.1 (However, not all people who struggle with alcohol misuse will present this while on the clock, especially if they are a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/the-functioning-addict" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">high-functioning alcoholic</a>.)</li>
 	<li>Nine percent of illicit drug users ages 18 and older are employed full-time or part-time.</li>
 	<li>Most binge drinkers (79.3%) are full-time or part-time employees.</li>
 	<li>The odds of on-the-job injuries increase with the frequency of heavy drinking.</li>
 	<li>According to one study, on-the-job drinking shows correlation with gender harassment and sexual harassment in the workplace.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Jobs Most Likely to be Affected by Alcohol Misuse</h2>
According to a <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1959/ShortReport-1959.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SAMHSA report</a> covering 2008 to 2012 data, as many as 9% of full-time U.S. workers engaged in heavy drinking within a month of surveying.4 Additional stats from the survey shed some like on which industries are most affected by heavy alcohol use among adults aged 18 to 64 who are employed full time:4
<ul>
 	<li>Mining and construction workers have the highest rates of heavy alcohol use within the past month at 17.5 and 16.5%, respectively.</li>
 	<li>Healthcare/social assistance (4.4%), educational services (4.7%), and public administration (6.6%) industries reported the lowest levels of consumption in the survey.</li>
 	<li>When it comes to heavy alcohol use, employment related to management, manufacturing, agriculture/forestry/fishing/hunting, and retail trade appear to be middle-of-the-road positions, ranging from 9.0 to 9.9%.</li>
</ul>
[segment-cta]
<h2>Stressors That May Contribute to Alcoholism in the Workplace</h2>
Evidence is growing that job-related stressors contribute to alcohol use. Certain work-related stressors may contribute to someone drinking alcohol in the workplace or outside of work. Common work-related stressors include:13
<ul>
 	<li>Overly noisy work environments.</li>
 	<li>Work environments that are too cold, hot, or dirty.</li>
 	<li>Interpersonal conflicts between supervisors and coworkers.</li>
 	<li>Unfair treatment regarding pay, benefits, and promotions.</li>
 	<li>Job insecurity.</li>
 	<li>A heavy workload.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Alcohol Addiction Treatment Options</h2>
Your company's Employee Assistance Program (EAP) is a great place to begin if you are looking for confidential help for an AUD. Your human resources department can also provide information about any company resources for substance abuse issues.2 Formal treatment for an AUD is an option for you to explore for yourself, your coworker, or a loved one.

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Addiction Centers</a> is a leading provider of alcohol and other addiction rehab across the United States. At American Addiction Centers (AAC), you will find treatment driven by the latest research and best practices to treat AUDs, along with individualized treatment provided by a caring and compassionate team. Start your journey to recovery today by calling our free, confidential helpline, at [phone]. We're available 24/7 to answer questions and point you in the best direction depending on your situation.

[vob]

It is not easy to approach a coworker who has a suspected alcohol use disorder. However, the cost of ignoring the issue far outweighs the costs of actually confronting someone in a respectful, caring manner. Whenever possible, seek the help of others who have experience in confronting people with substance use disorders, such as professional interventionists and human resources managers. However, consult with your supervisor or designated HR contact before approaching anyone at your job regarding issues such as substance misuse.

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline">Call an Addiction Helpline</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-statistics">Alcohol Abuse Statistics</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/assessment">Alcoholism Self Assessment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/how-to-talk">How to Confront an Alcoholic</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox/same-day-admittance">24 Hour Detox Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcohol-rehab/cost">The Cost of Alcohol Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox/free-centers">Free Detox Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcohol-rehab/insurance-coverage">Insurance Coverage for Alcohol Rehab</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/alcoholism-among-salespeople">Alcoholism Among Salespeople</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/alcoholism-treatment/stress-and-alcohol-abuse-in-middle-class-professionals">Alcohol Abuse in Middle Class Professionals</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alcohol facts and statistics.</a></li>
 	<li>U.S. Office of Personnel Management. <a href="https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/worklife/reference-materials/alcoholism-in-the-workplace-a-handbook-for-supervisors/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alcoholism in the workplace: A handbook for supervisors.</a></li>
 	<li>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1959/ShortReport-1959.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Substance use and substance use disorder by industry.</a></li>
 	<li>Americans with Disabilities National Network. (2021). <a href="https://adata.org/faq/are-alcoholics-covered-ada" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Are alcoholics protected by the ADA?</a></li>
 	<li>Job Accommodation Network. <a href="https://askjan.org/publications/ada-specific/Technical-Assistance-Manual-for-Title-I-of-the-ADA.cfm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Technical assistance manual for Title 1 of the ADA.</a></li>
 	<li>U.S. Department of Labor. (2020). <a href="https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/fmla/10c9.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Family and Medical Leave Act Advisor.</a></li>
 	<li>Frone, M.R. (2006). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16536139/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Prevalence and distribution of alcohol use and impairment in the workplace: a U.S. national survey.</a> Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67,147-56.</li>
 	<li>Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace. (2009). <a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_108415.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Effects of Substance Abuse on Workplace Injuries.</a></li>
 	<li>Dawson DA. (1994). <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7999210/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Heavy drinking and the risk of occupational injury. </a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). <a href="https://www.samhsa.gov/workplace/employer-resources/assess-workplace" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Assess Your Workplace.</a></li>
 	<li>National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1999). <a href="https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa44.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alcohol and the Workplace.</a></li>
 	<li>National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1999). <a href="https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh23-4/284-291.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Work Stress and Alcohol Use.</a></li>
</ol>
[/sources]

The Effects of Alcohol Use in the Workplace

<h2>Meth Withdrawal Symptoms</h2>
Methamphetamine withdrawal can cause different acute and post-acute symptoms in different people. The severity and duration of <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment">meth</a> withdrawal symptoms can vary based on different factors, such as someone’s route of administration, dose, drug purity, level of intoxication, their previous experience with withdrawal, the duration they used meth, their history of meth use, and other considerations.3

Acute meth withdrawal symptoms can include:3
<ul>
 	<li>Fatigue.</li>
 	<li>Anxiety.</li>
 	<li>Irritability.</li>
 	<li>Lack of energy.</li>
 	<li>Weight gain.</li>
 	<li>Dehydration.</li>
 	<li>Chills.</li>
 	<li>Insomnia followed by hyper-somnia (sleeping too much).</li>
 	<li>Dysphoria (low mood) could progress to clinical depression and suicidal thoughts.</li>
 	<li>The inability to think clearly.</li>
 	<li>Anhedonia (loss of ability to feel pleasure).</li>
 	<li>Withdrawing from others.</li>
 	<li>Drug cravings.</li>
</ul>
Post-acute and protracted withdrawal symptoms from meth can include:3
<ul>
 	<li>Depression.</li>
 	<li>Mood swings.</li>
 	<li>Drug cravings.</li>
 	<li>Loss of ability to experience pleasure.</li>
 	<li>Psychosis.</li>
 	<li>Suicidal thoughts/ideation.</li>
 	<li>Fatigue and excessive sleepiness.</li>
 	<li>Increased appetite.</li>
</ul>
Cravings can be significant and challenging to withstand during withdrawal.3 This often leads to a return to drug use or relapse.3

Meth withdrawal symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and unpleasant, but they are not typically life-threatening.5 If you or someone you care about uses meth and wants to quit, you should learn more about meth withdrawal. Withdrawal can be challenging, but professional medical detox can help you safely and more comfortably endure and navigate the withdrawal process
<h2>Meth Withdrawal Timeline: How Long is Meth Withdrawal?</h2>
The meth withdrawal timeline is influenced by the same factors that affect symptom severity and can also be impacted by the patterns of someone’s use, such as whether they binge and crash or are a chronic or daily meth user.3 Meth withdrawal typically begins within 24 hours after last use and can last between a couple days to weeks.
<ul>
 	<li>Acute withdrawal symptoms, such as dysphoria, anxiety, and agitation, typically begin and peak shortly after someone’s last use (which typically means within 24 hours after their last use). Acute meth withdrawal symptoms gradually decline over time.9 Research reports that acute withdrawal symptoms commonly last 7-10 days, with cravings being the most reported symptom; acute withdrawal symptoms can potentially last up to 2 weeks after a person’s last drug use.9</li>
 	<li>Protracted withdrawal are persistent withdrawal symptoms that tend to be similar to acute symptoms but are generally milder and more stable. They commonly last an additional 2-3 weeks after the acute withdrawal phase is over.9</li>
</ul>
Medically managed withdrawal (providing medications during the withdrawal period) can provide support to ensure a safe and comfortable withdrawal while mitigating the risk of relapse.5 
<h2>Why Does Meth Withdrawal Occur?</h2>
Meth dependence can happen after repeated use. Physical dependence occurs when an individual uses meth to the extent that the body thinks it needs the substance to function properly. As a result, if someone is dependent on meth and suddenly stops or cuts down their use of this drug, they can develop methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms.1

When this happens, it reinforces the meth misuse cycle; to prevent <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments">withdrawal symptoms</a> from occurring, someone must continue using meth.1 In addition to dependence, someone can also develop a tolerance to meth, which means they need to use increasing amounts of meth to experience previously-achieved effects, such as euphoria.1

Withdrawal occurs because of neuroadaptations (brain changes) that occur due to repeated meth use, primarily in the dopamine-reward system.1 When someone uses meth, their brain releases abnormal amounts of dopamine, the brain chemical that is responsible for feelings of pleasure and reward.

When someone continually uses meth and becomes accustomed to feeling pleasure and euphoria associated with using meth, their “pleasure receptors” are blunted and as a result they have trouble achieving pleasure from naturally occurring things such as food, exercise and sex. As a result of this blunted pleasure effect, this may reinforce their desire to keep using this substance.1 People who use meth are often unable to experience pleasure from anything other than meth.1
<h3>Meth Addiction vs. Meth Dependence</h3>
Meth dependence is a physiological adaptation of the body, wherein the body becomes so used to meth being present in the system that when the individual cuts back on their use or quits, withdrawal symptoms emerge. In other words, the body feels like it needs meth to physically function. Dependence can lead to strong cravings and compulsive use in the absence of meth in order to avoid unwanted withdrawal symptoms.

Addiction (clinically called a substance use disorder) refers to the compulsive, uncontrollable use of meth despite all of the harm that it causes. Addiction encompasses not only physical changes (such as dependence) but harmful behaviors that affect every aspect of an individual's life. Addiction elicits changes in the brain which impact an individual's drive, motivation, thought process and behaviors so much that meth use becomes prioritized over all else.
<h3>Can Using Meth Once Cause Withdrawal?</h3>
There is currently inadequate research to indicate that using meth just one time will cause withdrawal symptoms. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that withdrawal occurs when people who chronically use (become dependent on meth) meth stop or cut down their meth use.1
<h2>Meth Withdrawal Detox Treatment</h2>
Meth withdrawal management is the process of clearing the drug from the body while a team of medical professionals helps the patient manage the symptoms of their withdrawal.5 Meth withdrawal management, or detox, is often the first step in a substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program.5

After detoxification, most people will benefit from additional treatment, such as inpatient or outpatient rehab. Patients who partake in a medically-assisted detox program will receive help finding the right program to address the behavioral and social aspects of their addiction (and other relevant needs) once their detox is complete.5

The benefits of <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/drug-detox" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medically assisted detox</a> for meth withdrawal can include:3,5
<ul>
 	<li>Monitoring for medical/mental health risks. Meth withdrawal can result in severe depression or suicidal thoughts, so medical supervision can help someone stay safe.</li>
 	<li>Providing structure and support. This can help a person focus on recovery and help prepare them for further treatment.</li>
 	<li>Taking someone out of the environment where they use meth. This can help reduce environmental cue-induced cravings that could lead to relapse.</li>
 	<li>Providing nutritional support if necessary. Meth misuse can be associated with weight loss and inadequate nutrition; someone who is struggling with meth addiction may need support such as larger or high-calorie meals, electrolyte supplementation, or consultation with a dietary specialist.</li>
</ul>
As previously mentioned, people may enter inpatient rehab or outpatient treatment once they have completed detox. Professional treatment in the form of different behavioral therapies can provide several benefits, such as:
<ul>
 	<li>Helping a patient learn ways to prevent relapse.</li>
 	<li>Teaching a patient healthier coping and stress management skills.</li>
 	<li>Helping a patient uncover and work through the underlying reasons they developed an addiction in the first place.</li>
</ul>
[segment-cta type="value-prop"]

If someone participates in <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">inpatient rehab</a>, they will have the added benefit of 24/7 monitoring and support to help them stay safe and to address any co-occurring needs that may arise. This added support can be especially critical if someone has life-threatening medical problems or co-occurring psychiatric disorders.3

The following are some <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment">behavioral therapies</a> can be used to help an individual overcome their methamphetamine addiction:
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-therapy">Cognitive-behavioral therapy</a> (CBT). This helps patients identify and make changes to unhelpful or unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that contribute to their substance abuse. Some research has found that CBT can be especially helpful in treating stimulant addiction when combined with contingency management.</li>
 	<li>Contingency management (CM), which involves principles of positive reinforcement. It provides tangible rewards when someone achieves a target behavior (such as a negative drug test) and withholds the reward if the target is not met.</li>
</ul>
After detox and during all stages of treatment, it’s essential to ensure that a patient receives adequate nutrition and exercise to help them stay healthy throughout their recovery.3
<h2>Meth Withdrawal Medications</h2>
There are no medications to help with meth withdrawal, nor are there FDA-approved <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/addiction-medications">medication treatments</a> for stimulant use disorder.1  If someone participates in medically managed detox, they may receive adjunctive medications to help alleviate some of their symptoms that can arise during withdrawal, such as headaches or insomnia.5
<h2>Meth Withdrawal Risks &amp; Outlook</h2>
The greatest risks of meth withdrawal are potentially severe symptoms of depression and suicidal thoughts, which can lead to a risk of self-harm and suicide.3 Proper monitoring, support, and management are necessary to help people effectively navigate these risks and help them stay safe.3 Meth withdrawal can be complicated by different factors, such as medical issues, mental health conditions, or polysubstance use.3

With proper treatment, people can successfully detox from meth and recover from a substance use disorder or meth dependence.1 p. 3 top  After detox, it is often imperative to remain in a treatment program to help someone learn new skills, prevent relapse, and solidify their recovery.3 The treatment dropout rate for stimulant addiction is high.3 While entering treatment is important, remaining in and completing a <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">meth rehab treatment</a> program is crucial to help prevent the negative consequences of meth abuse and addiction.3

[link-bank title="You Might Also Be Interested In"]
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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment/options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Explore the Best Meth Treatment Options</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment/how-long-in-system" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How Long Does Meth Stay In Your Body?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/meth-treatment/overdose" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Signs of Meth Overdose</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/heroin-cocaine-and-meth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Is Meth Treatment Covered by Insurance?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/insurance-coverage/using-medicaid-to-pay-for-rehab" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Does Medicaid Cover The Cost of Rehab?</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/couples" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab for Couples</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/veterans/rehab-resources" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rehab for Veterans</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/self-assessment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Take a Substance Abuse Self Evaluation</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]
<h3>Sources</h3>
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, October). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/download/37620/methamphetamine-research-report.pdf?v=f6a96a8721a56a0f765889a3d3e678c7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine research report</a>.</li>
 	<li>S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs5/5049/5049p.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Crystal methamphetamine fast facts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2021). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP21-02-01-004.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment for stimulant use disorders. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 33. SAMHSA Publication No. PEP21-02-01- 004</a>. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019, May). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine Drugfacts</a>.</li>
 	<li>Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2015). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45. HHS Publication No.(SMA) 15-4131</a>. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, January). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Principles of drug addiction treatment: A Research-based guide (Third edition): Is there a difference between physical dependence and addiction?</a></li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep18-03.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tips for teens: Methamphetamine</a>.</li>
 	<li>Courtney, K. E., &amp; Ray, L. A. (2014). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164186/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature</a>. Drug and alcohol dependence, 143, 11–21.</li>
 	<li>Zorick, T., Nestor, L., Miotto, K., Sugar, C., Hellemann, G., Scanlon, G…&amp; London, E. D. (2010). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071736/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects</a>. Addiction, 105(10), 1809–1818.</li>
</ol>

Meth Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline and Detox Treatment

[content-overview]It is remarkably common for people who misuse substances to have additional mental health issues that occur at the same time. However, not everyone understands exactly how to identify whether they are self-medicating or how they can stop.[/content-overview]

<img class=" wp-image-39998 alignleft" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/man_drinking-300x200.jpg" alt="man sits looking at drink contemplating self-medicating with alcohol" width="382" height="254" />

When drug and alcohol abuse and mental health issues coincide, a person is said to have co-occurring disorders or a dual diagnosis.

Mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, are often recognized as a driving factor behind a person’s misuse of drugs or alcohol, though the directionality or sequence of the two issues aren't always clear.

Early intervention is important in all cases of problematic substance use. A person can quickly cross the fine line between self-medicating and a full-blown substance use disorder, so catching the signs of an impending SUD early and treating it accordingly is crucial.

Below, we’ll outline some ways that you can identify self-medication with drugs and alcohol in yourself or others, and address it before it develops into a clinically defined substance use disorder.

[callout] <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/blog/risk-substance-abuse-mental-illness">Substance use disorders and mental health issues</a> commonly co-occur. Indeed, 7.7 million adults are diagnosed in the US with both a mental health and a substance use disorder (SUD). Among people who use substances, around 38% also have a mental health diagnosis.1[/callout]
<h2>What is Self-Medicating?</h2>
Self-medicating refers to the misuse of drugs or alcohol in an attempt to manage the distressing symptoms of a mental health disorder or other health condition. Although many people that self-medicate may have a concurrently diagnosed health condition, such as a mental illness, cancer, injury, or chronic pain, it’s imperative to remember that you do not need to have a formal clinical diagnosis to have already started the act of self-medication.

[callout]People tend to self-medicate for two fundamental reasons:2
<ul>
 	<li>First, substances may seem to make the symptoms of a distressing experience, such as an illness or mental health condition, feel more manageable in the moment, serving as a temporary way for them to cope.</li>
 	<li>Second, many people who abuse substances can’t find another way to cope with their feelings or co-occurring health condition.[/callout]</li>
</ul>
People commonly report using substances to try to cope with specific mental illnesses such as mood and anxiety disorders.3 In a review of various scientific literature, one study reported that early 22% of people with anxiety disorder, for example, report self-medication with drugs and alcohol. Another indicated that more than 21% of people with post-traumatic stress disorder had used alcohol or drugs to cope with their disorder, along with approximately 23% of people with major depression and 41% of those with bipolar disorder (type 1).4

[quote]
"...you do not need to have a formal clinical diagnosis to have already started the act of self-medication."
[/quote]

As mentioned, self-medicating can occur even if someone doesn’t have a formally diagnosed mental health condition. Difficult life events, such as grief and abuse, can affect a person’s mental health and lead people to turn to alcohol or drugs to cope.

Grief results in increased substance use according to a recent study.5 Furthermore, when someone is in an abusive relationship or has experienced some form of trauma as a result, they are also at increased risk of using substances to cope with their situation. In fact, adolescents with an SUD are 3 times more likely to have experienced a traumatic event than the average adolescent.6
<h2>Why Self-Medicating is Harmful</h2>
<img class="alignright wp-image-36067" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/couple_arguing-300x201.jpg" alt="triggers for abuse " width="372" height="249" />

Self-medicating might appear harmless at first or go completely undetected. A person might innocently use alcohol or drugs in an effort to feel better at that particular moment; indeed, our culture reinforces and normalizes the (sometimes excessive) use of certain drugs to “take the edge” off of their mood.

But over time, self-medicating can complicate the management of mental health issues and can contribute to the development of a substance use disorder. Cocaine use, for example, has been associated with an exacerbation of symptoms and worsened progression of bipolar disorder.7

Addiction and problematic substance use can, in some cases, also lead to brain changes that might predispose vulnerable individuals to developing additional mental health issues—including mood, psychotic, and impulse-control disorders.7 Researchers associate the use of marijuana, for example, with a greater risk of experiencing earlier onset psychosis, with that risk increasing the younger people are at the time of their first cannabis use.8

Therefore, using substances to cope with a mental illness may increase the risk of someone developing a substance use disorder, exacerbate their pre-existing mental health condition, or even prompt the emergence of a new problem.3

[segment-cta type="phone"]
<h2>Self-Medicating for Depression and Other Mental Illnesses</h2>
As noted earlier, cocaine use in people with bipolar disorder can worsen the course of the mental illness. Likewise, abusing drugs or alcohol to self-medicate for other mental illnesses, like <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/anxiety-and-addiction">anxiety,</a> depression, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders/ptsd-addiction">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/personality-disorders">personality disorders</a>, and more, can also have negative outcomes. The use of marijuana among people with depression, for example, was associated with worse treatment outcomes for depression treatment.9

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treating-depression-substance-abuse">Treating depression and substance abuse</a> at the same time can have positive outcomes for both disorders. Among people who suffer from anxiety and substance abuse issues, it is common to see that anxiety not only negatively impacts the person’s substance use, but that the substance abuse can worsen anxiety. 10

Furthermore, in people with schizophrenia, the use of alcohol leads to worse outcomes than for those people who do not use alcohol.11 It is becoming increasingly recognized that, for optimal recovery outcomes, treatment of co-occurring conditions should simultaneously address both issues.

[quote]
Both anxiety and depression are also often side effects of drug withdrawal as well, when a person abuses a substance regularly and becomes dependent on it.
[/quote]
<h2>How to Stop Self-Medicating</h2>
Compulsive self-medication that is suspected to have emerged in association with an untreated (or undertreated) mental health issue can be stopped by adequately managing all underlying issues. The standard of care for people with a substance use disorder and co-occurring mental health condition is to enter a treatment program that addresses both issues simultaneously—a model referred to as integrated treatment.12 If you are using substances and also have a co-occurring mental health disorder, the relatively-intensive levels of care found at an inpatient or residential treatment programs may offer the most preferred treatment setting.12

If you believe that you or your loved one is self-medicating with substances such as those mentioned above, it may be time to seek professional help. Only a substance use professional who is experienced in treating dual diagnoses can determine whether you are self-medicating, and what you ought to do about it. American Addiction Centers (AAC) offers treatment for co-occurring disorders at our treatment centers across the country. Call us today to speak with an admissions specialist to arrange for an assessment of your situation and needs.

[segment-cta type="insurance"]

&nbsp;
<h2>Stop Self-Medicating: Where to Find Treatment</h2>
If you are self-medicating and need a treatment program that can address both your substance use disorder and your mental health issues, know that you are not alone in your struggle. American Addiction Centers offers <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/treatment-centers">treatment for co-occurring disorders in each of our several locations</a> across the United States. Call today to speak to one of our admissions navigators, who can speak with you regarding what AAC can offer you.

[callout title="Our Treatment Centers by State"]
[columns count="2"]
<ul>
 	<li>All Treatment Centers: <a href="/treatment-centers">See All Rehabs</a></li>
 	<li>California: <a href="/treatment-centers/laguna-treatment-hospital">Laguna Treatment Hospital</a></li>
 	<li>Florida: <a href="/treatment-centers/recovery-first-hollywood">Recovery First Treatment Center</a></li>
 	<li>Florida: <a href="/treatment-centers/river-oaks">River Oaks Treatment Center</a></li>
 	<li>Las Vegas: <a href="/treatment-centers/desert-hope">Desert Hope Treatment Center</a></li>
 	<li>Locations Nationwide:<a href="/treatment-centers/resolutions">Resolutions Recovery Residences</a></li>
 	<li>Massachusetts: <a href="/treatment-centers/adcare-hospital">Adcare Treatment Hospital</a></li>
 	<li>Mississippi: <a href="/treatment-centers/oxford">Oxford Treatment Center</a></li>
 	<li>New Jersey: <a href="/treatment-centers/sunrise-house">Sunrise House Treatment Center</a></li>
 	<li>Rhode Island: <a href="/treatment-centers/adcare-rhode-island-outpatient">Adcare – Outpatient</a></li>
 	<li>Rhode Island: <a href="/treatment-centers/adcare-rhode-island">Adcare – Inpatient</a></li>
 	<li>Texas: <a href="/treatment-centers/greenhouse">Greenhouse Treatment Center</a></li>
</ul>
[/columns]

<center>
[button-color color="orange" link="/treatment-centers" width='auto']Compare Our Treatment Centers[/button-color]</center>
[/callout]

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/residential">Best Long-Term Residential Treatment Programs</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/co-occurring-disorders">Co-Occurring Disorder Treatment Guide</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-statistics">See Statistics on Addiction</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/alcohol-drug-hotline">Call an Addiction Helpline</a></li>
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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/veterans/rehab-resources">Veteran Rehab Options</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/self-assessment">Take the Addiction Self Evaluation</a></li>
</ul>
[/link-bank]
<h3>References</h3>
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/comorbidity-substance-use-other-mental-disorders">Comorbidity: Substance Use and Other Mental Disorders.</a></li>
 	<li>Alexander, A. C., &amp; Ward, K. D. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6101235/">Understanding post-disaster substance use and psychological distress using concepts from the self-medication hypothesis and social cognitive theory. </a>Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(2), 177–186.</li>
 	<li>Harris, K. M., &amp; Edlund, M. J. (2005).</li>
 	<li>Turner, S., Mota, N., Bolton, J., &amp; Sareen, J. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6175215/">Self‐medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature</a>. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 851-860.</li>
 	<li>Drabwell, L., Eng, J., Stevenson, F., King, M., Osborn, D., &amp; Pitman, A. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037803/">Perceptions of the use of alcohol and drugs after sudden bereavement by unnatural causes: analysis of online qualitative data.</a>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 677.</li>
 	<li>Basedow, L. A., Kuitunen-Paul, S., Roessner, V., &amp; Golub, Y. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314975/">Traumatic events and substance use disorders in adolescents</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/why-there-comorbidity-between-substance-use-disorders-mental-illnesses">Why is there comorbidity between substance use disorders and mental illness</a>es? </li>
 	<li>Pauselli, L., Birnbaum, M. L., Vázquez Jaime, B. P., Paolini, E., Kelley, M. E., Broussard, B., &amp; Compton, M. T. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6068011/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Demographic and socioenvironmental predictors of premorbid marijuana use among patients with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 197, 544–549.</a></li>
 	<li>Bahorik, A. L., Leibowitz, A., Sterling, S. A., Travis, A., Weisner, C., &amp; Satre, D. D. (2017). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032716317396">Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 168–171.</li>
 	<li>Anker, J. J., Kushner, M. G., Thuras, P., Menk, J., &amp; Unruh, A. S. (2016). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782758/">Drinking to cope with negative emotions moderates alcohol use disorder treatment response in patients with co-occurring anxiety disorder.</a>Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 159, 93–100.</li>
 	<li>Archibald, L., Brunette, M. F., Wallin, D. J., &amp; Green, A. I. (2019). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6927747/">Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder</a>. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1).</li>
 	<li>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). <a href="https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma15-4131.pdf">Detoxification and substance abuse treatment</a>.</li>
</ol>

Are You Self-Medicating with Drugs or Alcohol?

<h2>Substance Addiction Help</h2>
Addiction is a complex, chronic and often progressive mental health issue; however, it is treatable. The primary goals of addiction treatment are to help people stop using drugs and  then maintain their sobriety in the long-term so that they may live healthier, happier lives. <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment">Drug addiction treatment</a> typically involves behavioral therapy and, in some cases, medication. Beyond the initial period of rehabilitation, long-term follow up and continued recovery efforts are important elements of treatment, as the ongoing support helps prevent relapse.2

Self-help groups, including 12-step groups, encourage taking responsibility for one’s actions, but stress that excessive self-reliance may be in some cases be counterproductive to recovery. Rather, support groups promote behaviors such as asking other people for help in recovery. People who have lived the experience of alcohol or substance abuse can share their stories of hope and recovery with others; this shared wisdom and reliance on others for guidance becomes a key component of sustained recovery for many.3

However, support groups don’t replace rehab; they are designed to complement formal treatment efforts and better help people maintain recovery after substance abuse rehabilitation. If you are seeking drug addiction help, <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/admissions">American Addiction Centers</a> (AAC) offers comprehensive addiction treatment services. AAC is a leading substance abuse treatment provider with locations throughout the United States. At AAC, we focus on treating addiction, as well as the underlying causes of your addiction. Call us at [phone]

Many people who start substance rehabilitation with <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/inpatient">inpatient treatment</a> will continue their recovery efforts with the help of an <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/outpatient-treatment">outpatient program</a>. Outpatient program intensity levels and time requirements may vary, but many can expect to continue to receive treatment for at least a few hours per day, several days per week. The difference with treatment in an outpatient setting is that you can return home at night and on weekends outside of treatment hours. As part of many treatment programs, whether inpatient or outpatient, people will be encouraged to engage with 12-step groups and other forms of mutual support—a practice that can continue through aftercare. Ongoing participation in a support group can be a critical part of your long-term recovery.


AAC offers alumni groups, which are available to anyone who graduates from an AAC program. The <a href="https://aacalumni.com/">AAC Alumni</a> network of program graduates nationwide can help support you in your ongoing recovery and aftercare.

<a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/12-step">Numerous 12-step groups</a> host meetings in almost all communities throughout the United States and around the world; among them is AAC’s <a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/virtual-meetings">free virtual support group</a>.
<h3>Specifics and Benefits of a 12-Step Program</h3>
A 12-step group is a mutual-help group founded on the philosophy of the 12 steps, which outline a sequential program of recovery that participants work through. It’s important to note 12-step programs are non-professional, self-supporting fellowships. They are peer-led by others in recovery, rather than by treatment professionals.

The 12 Steps begin with an admission of powerlessness over one’s addiction and a belief in a “Power greater than ourselves.” Other steps include taking a searching, fearless moral inventory and making amends, if possible, for past wrongs.

The programs are free, widely available, and participation is confidential. Membership is open to anyone who wants to do something about a drinking or drug problem. Members are encouraged to frequently attend meetings and, eventually,  connect with another member in recovery, known as a sponsor, who has been in the program for some time and is willing to mentor newcomers. Participation with 12-step programs has been associated with reduced substance abuse and overall better social outcomes.4
<h2>Alcohol Addiction Help and Support</h2>
Alcohol addiction, a condition medically diagnosed as an alcohol use disorder, is a chronic and relapsing brain disorder characterized by the compulsive use of alcohol despite the potential for significantly negative drinking-related consequences. In 2018, an estimated 15 million Americans had an alcohol use disorder.5

People who struggle with alcoholism may experience many negative consequences, including medical, financial, emotional, and social issues.

If you think you need professional help, your first call should be to find a treatment program for drug or alcohol abuse. Addiction treatment can help you on your road to recovery by exploring the underlying reason for your problematic substance use and providing you with the tools necessary to achieve and maintain sobriety. 12-step programs and support groups are an important component of ongoing support and recovery, especially after formal treatment ends.
<h3>Alcoholics Anonymous</h3>
<img class="alignright wp-image-33456 size-medium" src="https://admin.americanaddictioncenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Group-Therapy-94001696-300x235.jpg" alt="Attending group therapy is a key part of your recovery and aftercare. " width="300" height="235" />

<a href="https://www.aa.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA) is a free, peer-led 12-step group comprised of people who have had drinking problems but desire to stop using alcohol.6 AA estimates that around 1.5 million people are active in their groups across the United States.7 If you are interested in joining, <a href="https://www.aa.org/find-aa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AA has a list of meetings available worldwide</a>.

<h2>Drug Addiction Support Groups</h2>
Drug addiction can involve many different drugs, with people having an addiction to one or more drugs. Addiction may be characterized by compulsive drug use despite experiencing negative outcomes and, commonly, repeated failed attempts or an inability to stop using. Drug addiction may also include cravings or a strong desire to continue using, as well as a failure to fulfill duties in your personal or professional life. Similar to family conflict due to alcohol use, families dealing with a loved one’s drug use can also experience greater conflict.8

Several drug addiction support groups adhere to a 12-step model. In addition, support groups for families of addicts can be helpful to those dealing with alcoholism or drug addiction in a loved one.

For example, <a href="https://al-anon.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Al-Anon</a> is a 12-step program that provides a mutually supportive environment for family members dealing with a loved one’s substance use.9 Similarly, <a href="https://al-anon.org/for-members/group-resources/alateen/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alateen</a> is designed to help teens cope with a parent or other family member who has an addiction to drugs or alcohol.11
<h3>Narcotics Anonymous</h3>
Similar to AA, <a href="https://www.na.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Narcotics Anonymous</a> (NA) is also a 12-step group that offers free ongoing peer-led meetings to those with drug addictions seeking to stop using. NA states that 70,000 meetings are held each week throughout 144 countries.10 The <a href="https://www.na.org/meetingsearch/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NA meeting locator</a> can direct you to a meeting in your area.
<h3>CA and MA</h3>
<a href="https://ca.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cocaine Anonymous</a> (CA) is a 12-step group that focuses on people with cocaine addiction, although they also have members who wish to stop drinking and using other drugs as well.12 CA has a <a href="https://ca.org/meetings/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">list of meetings by location</a> that will link you to local chapters for more information.

<a href="https://marijuana-anonymous.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marijuana Anonymous</a> (MA) is another 12-step group founded to address the needs of people who abuse marijuana.13 MA states that the only requirement to join is a desire to stop using marijuana. You can search their website to find information about <a href="https://marijuana-anonymous.org/find-a-meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">meetings in your area</a>.
<h3>S.O.S</h3>
<a href="https://www.sossobriety.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Secular Organizations for Sobriety</a> (SOS) is a mutual-help group model that is not 12-step based.14 SOS addresses numerous forms of addiction, including those involving not only alcohol and drugs, but other compulsive behaviors such as food addiction. As the name implies, SOS takes a secular approach to promoting sobriety. SOS emphasizes personal empowerment and forgoes the incorporation of spirituality or God in recovery, in contrast to the 12-step model. SOS hosts meetings across the country; <a href="https://www.sossobriety.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">find a meeting closest to you</a> or, if there are no physical meetings nearby, inquire about <a href="https://www.sossobriety.org/on-line-groups" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online opportunities</a>.
<h2>SMART Recovery</h2>
Self-Management and Recovery Training (SMART) offers science-based, self-empowering support group meetings. SMART Recovery does not use labels such as addict or alcoholic. The focus is not on the past, but rather on the present and future, with a goal of healthy behavioral changes. SMART doesn’t endorse a spiritual model, nor does it believe addiction is a disease. However, SMART doesn’t exclude people who believe addiction is a disease or choose to attend NA or AA.15 If you are interested in SMART, you can <a href="https://meetings.smartrecovery.org/meetings/">find a meeting</a> near you.

Support groups provide a critical component of recovery for people dealing with addiction. 12-step and other mutual support groups are just a few of the many treatment options available to address your addiction rehabilitation and aftercare needs.
<h2>Ways to Get in Contact With Us</h2>
If you believe you or someone you love may be struggling with addiction, let us hear your story and help you determine a path to treatment.

There are a variety of confidential, free, and no obligation ways to get in contact with us to learn more about treatment.
<ul>
 	<li>Call us at [phone]</li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/verify-insurance">Verify Your Insurance Coverage for Treatment</a></li>
</ul>
[vob]

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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/family-therapy">Family Therapy Treatment</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/neurofeedback">Neurofeedback Therapy</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/group-individual">Group &amp; Individual Therapy</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/yoga">Yoga Therapy</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy">Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/dialectical-behavioral-therapy">Dialectical Behavioral Therapy</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-statistics">Addiction Statistics</a></li>
 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/experiential">Experiential Therapy</a></li>
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 	<li><a href="https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/overcoming-addiction">How to Overcome Addiction</a></li>
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[/link-bank]

[sources]
<ol>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2013). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/675-principles-of-drug-addiction-treatment-a-research-based-guide-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How do 12-step or similar recovery programs fit into drug addiction treatment?</a></li>
 	<li>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Treatment approaches to drug addiction</a>.</li>
 	<li>Miller, M. (2015). The relevance of 12-step recovery in 21st century addiction medicine.</li>
 	<li>Donovan, D. M., Ingalsbe, M. H., Benbow, J., &amp; Daley, D. C. (2013). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753023/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">12-step interventions and mutual support programs for substance use disorders: An overview</a>. Social Work in Public Health, 28(3-4), 313–332.</li>
 	<li>National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alcohol use disorder</a>.</li>
 	<li>Alcoholics Anonymous. (2020). <a href="https://www.aa.org/what-is-aa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is AA?</a></li>
 	<li>Alcoholics Anonymous. (2019). <a href="https://www.aa.org/estimates-aa-groups-and-members" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Estimates of AA groups and members as of January 1, 2019</a>.</li>
 	<li>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.</li>
 	<li>Al-anon. (2020). <a href="https://al-anon.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Who are Al-anon members? </a></li>
 	<li>Narcotics Anonymous. (2016). <a href="https://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/pdf/pr/Info_about_NA_2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Information about NA</a>.</li>
 	<li>Al-anon. (2020). <a href="https://al-anon.org/for-members/group-resources/alateen/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alateen</a>.</li>
 	<li>Cocaine Anonymous. <a href="https://ca.org/about-ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">About CA</a>.</li>
 	<li>Marijuana Anonymous. (2020). <a href="https://marijuana-anonymous.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marijuana anonymous</a>.</li>
 	<li><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/576740f45016e10f9510a056/t/5df7bb1cd398f93195b8762e/1576516380690/Overview+brochure+1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">An overview of SOS</a>.</li>
 	<li>SMART Recovery. (2020). <a href="https://www.smartrecovery.org/about-us/?_ga=2.69221264.1458079827.1589853731-1056722267.1589853731" target="_blank" rel="noopener">About SMART recovery</a>.</li>
</ol>
[/sources]

Aftercare Addiction Support Groups

Leah K. Walker is a licensed marriage and family therapist with a Ph.D. in family relations.

Leah K. Walker, Ph.D., L.M.F.T. | American Addiction Centers

American Addiction Centers

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Leah K. Walker, Ph.D., L.M.F.T.

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